History of bullets

The history of bullets parallels the history of firearms. Advances in one either resulted from or precipitated advances in the additional. Originally, bullets are round metallic or stone balls placed in front of a volatile charge of gunpowder at the end of a closed tube. As firearms became more scientifically advanced, from 1500 to 1800, bullets changed very little. They remained simple round lead balls, called rounds, conflicting only in their diameter. The growth of the hand culverin and matchlock harquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles. "Bullet" is derived from the French word "boulette" which approximately means "little ball". The original musket bullet was a globular lead ball two sizes smaller than the bore, wrapped in a loosely-fitted paper patch which served to hold the bullet in the barrel firmly upon the powder. The loading of muskets was, therefore, easy with the old smooth-bore Brown Bess and similar military muskets.

Emerging Paradigm

Network-on-Chip is an emerging paradigm for communications within large VLSI systems implemented on a single silicon chip. In a Network-on-Chip system, modules such as processor cores, memories and specialized IP blocks exchange data using a network as a "public transportation" sub-system for the information traffic. A Network-on-Chip is constructed from multiple point-to-point data links interconnected by switches, such that messages can be relayed from any source module to any destination module over several links, by making routing decisions at the switches. A Network-on-Chip is similar to a modern telecommunications network, using digital bit-packet switching over multiplexed links. Although packet-switching is sometimes claimed as necessity for a Network-on-Chip, there are several Network-on-Chip proposals utilizing circuit-switching techniques. This definition based on routers is usually interpreted so that a single shared bus, a single crossbar switch or a point-to-point network are not Network-on-Chip s but practically all other topologies are. This is somewhat confusing since all above mentioned are networks but they are not considered as network-on-chips. Note that some articles erroneously use Network-on-Chip as a synonym for mesh topology although Network-on-Chip paradigm does not dictate the topology. Likewise, the regularity of topology is sometimes considered as a requirement which is, obviously, not the case in research concentrating on "application-specific Network-on-Chip topology synthesis".

Vitamins

Vitamins are nutrients required in minute amounts for essential metabolic reactions in the body. The term vitamin does not consist of other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it include the large number of other nutrients that promote health but that are not essential for life. Vitamins are bio-molecules that act both as catalysts and substrates in chemical reactions. When acting as a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are called cofactors. Vitamins also act as coenzymes to hold chemical groups between enzymes. Folic acid, for example, carries various forms of carbon groups–methyl, firmly or ethylene in the cell. Vitamins have been created as commodity chemicals and prepared widely available as inexpensive pills for several decades allowing supplementation of the dietary intake.

Bag

A bag is a container that is typically used for storing or holding something. Bags are non-rigid, usually made of paper, cloth, thin plastic or some other flexible material. A bag may have one or two handles or none at all. Sometimes a money bag or travel bag has a lock. Sachets may be fabric bags that are filled with pot pourri and tied off with ribbons. Youth giving a purse to a sitting courtesan the word probably has its origins in the Norse word baggy. Although paper had been used for purposes of wrapping and padding in ancient China since the 2nd century BC, the first use of paper bags in China came during the later Tang Dynasty.
Bags vary from small ones, like purses to large ones for use in traveling like a suitcase. Cheap disposable paper bags and plastic shopping bags are very common in the retail trade as a convenience for shoppers, and are often supplied by the shop for free or for a small fee. Customers may also take their own shopping bags to the shop. There are environmental concerns regarding use and disposal of plastic shopping and trash bags. Efforts are being taken to control and reduce their use in some European Union countries, including Ireland and the Netherlands. In some cases the cheap bags are taxed so the customer must pay a fee where they may not have done previously

Description of Willamette River

The Willamette rises in three separate forks in the mountains south and southeast of Eugene, at the southern termination of the Willamette Valley. The Middle Fork and North Fork increase on the western side of the Cascades between Three Sisters south to Diamond Peak, with the Middle Fork in receipt of the North Fork northwest of Oakridge and flowing northwest through the mountains to the southern end of the Willamette Valley. The Coast Fork rises in the lower mountains south of Cottage Grove, sinuous north to connect the Middle Fork 2 mi southeast of Eugene.

From Eugene, the joint river flow NNW across the plain of the southern Willamette Valley to Corvallis, and then follows a zigzag course past Albany and around the isolated hills in the middle valley, passing west of downtown Salem. From Salem it flows north in a not direct course across the northwest plain of the valley, reaching the hills at Newberg, where it turns sharply ENE along the hills, passing through an opening in the hills at Oregon City, the location of the Falls of the Willamette and the head of navigation. From Oregon City it flows northwest, past Lake Oswego and Milwaukee on the south edge of Portland, then passing between east and west Portland, where it is spanned by a series of urban bridges. Downstream of downtown Portland it flows northwest through the industrial port area of Portland Harbor, then splitting into two channels around Sauvie Island, both of which hook around to enter the Columbia from the west, with the main channel entering on the north edge of Portland and the smaller Multnomah Channel entering approximately 15 mi NNW at St.Helens.